Navigation Links

 

Products Guide

Azimuthal Shear

Azimuthal Shear

Short Description

Maximum azimuthal shear (rotation divided by diameter; s-1) in the low-level (0–2 km) or mid-level (3–6 km) AGL layer.

Subproducts

Low-Level Azimuthal Shear (0–2 km AGL)

Mid-Level Azimuthal Shear (3–6 km AGL)

Primary Users

NWS: WFO, SPC

Input Sources

WSR-88D radar data

Terrain elevation files

Resolution

Spatial Resolution: 0.005° latitude (~555 m) x 0.005° longitude (~504 m at 25°N and 365 m at 49°N)

Temporal Resolution: 2 minutes

Product Creation

Azimuthal shear is calculated using a Linear Least Squares Derivative method (LLSD; Smith and Elmore 2004) on radial velocity data from individual radars and then blended into a large multi-radar mosaic for the contiguous United States (CONUS). The blending process results in a field of maximum shear.

To create the products, raw velocity data from a single radar (Fig. 1) are first passed through a 3x3 median filter to reduce spurious noise in the raw velocity data.


Fig. 1: Schematic example of raw radial velocity data from a single radar plotted against azimuth angle.
This example shows a velocity couplet with a centroid located between the 3rd and 4th azimuth.


Fig. 2: Schematic illustrating (a) the raw velocity data and (b) the velocity data after applying the
median filter in the LLSD algorithm to the for i,j = 3, 4. The red highlighted region shows the range
gates that are used in the 3x3 filter for i, j = 3, 4.

Once the velocity data has been filtered, a 2-D plane is fit to the velocity data to calculate resolvable velocities. The slope of this plane is the Azimuthal Shear (Fig. 3).


Fig. 3: 2-D Plane fitted to the raw velocity data (Fig. 1) after applying the filter (Fig. 2). The slope of the
plane is equal to the Azimuthal Shear.

A reflectivity mask is then applied to account for the unreliability of radial velocities with poor signal. Earlier versions of the LLSD algorithm would remove azimuthal shear values that were co-located with reflectivity less than 20 dBZ. However, such logic proved too draconian, especially for mesocyclones embedded in weak echo regions. Therefore, the process was modified to dilate (i.e., exaggerating their values) the quality controlled polar reflectivities so reflectivities in weak echo regions adjacent to storm cores would still be retained. Once dilation is complete, azimuthal shear values still co-located with reflectivity less than 20 dBZ are removed. (Fig. 4).


Fig. 4: Schematic illustrating the reflectivity masking process. (a) Range gates with green values are
automatically retained because reflectivity is greater than 20 dBZ, while range gates with red values
are less than 20 dBZ pre-dilation. (b) Same as (a), except range gates with yellow values are greater
than 20 dBZ after dilation. (c) After dilation green range gates retained and red gates not retained.

Layer maxima are then calculated for the 0–2 km and 3–6 km AGL layers, producing a 2D polar field of data for each layer (Fig. 5).


Fig. 5: Schematic illustrating how the layer maximum is determined. Values within green ovals are the
final Azimuthal Shear values for the particular layer and range.

Lastly, the data from the single-radar layer products are blended for all radars in the CONUS to produce the final 2D products.

Note: Using multiple radar viewpoints and data from slightly different times can cause Azimuthal Shear to have more than one peak for a mesocyclone (Fig. 6).


Fig. 6: 0.5° SRM and Low-Level Azimuthal Shear (0-2 km) for a supercell thunderstorm on 14 April 2012.
There is only one circulation in the SRM product, while the Low-Level Azimuthal Shear product shows
two separate circulations.

Technical Details

Latest Update: MRMS Version 11.5

References

Lakshmanan, V., T. Smith, K. Hondl, G. Stumpf, A. Witt, 2006: A Real-time, three dimensional, rapidly updating, heterogeneous radar merger technique for reflectivity, velocity and derived products. Wea. Forecasting, 21, 802-823.

Newman, J., V Lakshmanan, P. Heinselman, M. Richman, T. Smith, 2013: Range-correcting azimuthal shear in Doppler radar data. Wea. Forecasting, 28, 194-211.

Smith, T., and K.L. Elmore, 2004: The use of radial velocity derivatives to diagnose rotation and divergence. Preprints, 11th Conf. on Aviation, Range, and Aerospace, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, P5.6.